Watch List notes:

Circular Aes Rude. ; Circular Aes Rude; Italy, 8th-3rd BC, Haeberlin pl. 2.1. Cast copper disk, mounded obverse, thickening toward center, flat reverse, rough surfaces. Aes rude: amorphous bronze lumps, so called by Pliny (HN 33.13.43). They are also known as aes infectum or imperfectum 'unmade or unfinished'. Before denominated round coins were introduced in the early third century, all bronze transactions had to be weighed pendo (weighed out), and not counted, numerare (count, add up, reckon/compute) by dispensatoris (dispensers or cashiers), This manner of exchange necessitated the use of a balance and has left a rich legacy to the Latin language, e.g., expensa, inpendia, dependere, stipendia, aerarium, aestimare. Most striking of all, the formula per aes et libram (with bronze and balance), which was used to designate the formal ceremony of mancipatory contracts. All these terms lasted well beyond the introduction of struck coinage and have passed into modern languages.Perfectly round and domed center. Earthen surface with green patination beneath.