Roma Numismatics Ltd
Auction XXVII 22-23 Mar 2023
View prices realized
► Sale information
Find similar lots
Valerian I AV Binio (Double Aureus). Samosata (?), AD 255-256. IMP C P LIC VALERIANVS AVG, radiate and cuirassed bust to right / MINERVA VICTRIX, Minerva standing to left, holding Victory in right hand and inverted spear with left, shield at her feet, trophy of arms behind. RIC -; Calicó -; C. -; MIR -; CNG 106, 799 (same obv. die). 5.39g, 21mm, 6h.
Near Mint State. Unpublished in the standard references; the finest of only two known examples, the CNG specimen being holed.
Ex Long Valley River Collection, Roma Numismatics Ltd., Auction XX, 30 October 2020, lot 657;
Ex Leu Numismatik AG, Auction 1, 25 October 2017, lot 329.
Reigning during of the most turbulent periods of Roman history, Valerian achieved everlasting notoriety as the first Roman emperor to be captured in battle, a shocking event that had a dramatic impact on the perception of Roman arms in cultures across the Mediterranean.
He rose to power as a capable military commander, who was entrusted to hold Rome when then-emperor Trajan Decius left to fight the Gothic invasion in the Balkans. After Decius was defeated, the first emperor to die in battle against a foreign enemy, Trebonianus Gallus assumed the purple. He too would rely on Valerian for assistance, this time against the rebellion of Aemilianus, commander of the Moesian legions. Before Valerian could come to Gallus' aid, however, the emperor was murdered by his own troops who had defected to Aemilianus, who later suffered a similar betrayal and death before ever reaching Rome. These legions then declared Valerian as emperor, whose elevation was ratified by the Senate shortly thereafter.
Valerian's first official act was to appoint his son Gallienus co-emperor, in order that together father and son might tackle the myriad threats both internal and external that were then assailing the empire; the turmoil of the period and the excessive strain placed on the Roman economy is evidenced by the beginning of a massive decline in the Roman monetary system. Valerian would confront the Sassanid Persian threat in the East, and Gallienus would take charge of the West. Valerian at first met with success: Antioch was once again re-taken, and the province of Syria was returned to Roman control. In 259 Valerian reached the ancient city of Edessa, near the modern Turkish-Syrian border. Here an outbreak of plague among the legionaries weakened the Roman forces, and in early 260 Valerian was decisively defeated in the Battle of Edessa.
Shortly after, Valerian would come face to face with the leader who had been troubling emperors for decades – the Sassanid Persian king Shapur I, known as Shapur the Great. The battle was a decisive defeat for the Romans, and Valerian himself was taken captive and deported to Persia alongside what remained of his army. His fate thereafter has been the subject of much speculation. Christian writers (such as Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum), sought to assign a fitting death to one of their most infamous persecutors. Likewise, Romans assuming the worst of their traditional Persian enemies described several versions of Valerian's torture, humiliation and eventual grisly death. These included being used as a human mounting block and been skinned and then stuffed with straw (Trebellius Pollio, Life of Valerian; Aurelius Victor, Caesares, 32; Eutropius IX, 6). However, modern scholars have disputed many of these accounts as inconsistent with Persian traditions of treating captured kings, and it is more likely he simply died in captivity as a "living trophy" (Touraj Daryaee, Sasanian Iran).
Near Mint State. Unpublished in the standard references; the finest of only two known examples, the CNG specimen being holed.
Ex Long Valley River Collection, Roma Numismatics Ltd., Auction XX, 30 October 2020, lot 657;
Ex Leu Numismatik AG, Auction 1, 25 October 2017, lot 329.
Reigning during of the most turbulent periods of Roman history, Valerian achieved everlasting notoriety as the first Roman emperor to be captured in battle, a shocking event that had a dramatic impact on the perception of Roman arms in cultures across the Mediterranean.
He rose to power as a capable military commander, who was entrusted to hold Rome when then-emperor Trajan Decius left to fight the Gothic invasion in the Balkans. After Decius was defeated, the first emperor to die in battle against a foreign enemy, Trebonianus Gallus assumed the purple. He too would rely on Valerian for assistance, this time against the rebellion of Aemilianus, commander of the Moesian legions. Before Valerian could come to Gallus' aid, however, the emperor was murdered by his own troops who had defected to Aemilianus, who later suffered a similar betrayal and death before ever reaching Rome. These legions then declared Valerian as emperor, whose elevation was ratified by the Senate shortly thereafter.
Valerian's first official act was to appoint his son Gallienus co-emperor, in order that together father and son might tackle the myriad threats both internal and external that were then assailing the empire; the turmoil of the period and the excessive strain placed on the Roman economy is evidenced by the beginning of a massive decline in the Roman monetary system. Valerian would confront the Sassanid Persian threat in the East, and Gallienus would take charge of the West. Valerian at first met with success: Antioch was once again re-taken, and the province of Syria was returned to Roman control. In 259 Valerian reached the ancient city of Edessa, near the modern Turkish-Syrian border. Here an outbreak of plague among the legionaries weakened the Roman forces, and in early 260 Valerian was decisively defeated in the Battle of Edessa.
Shortly after, Valerian would come face to face with the leader who had been troubling emperors for decades – the Sassanid Persian king Shapur I, known as Shapur the Great. The battle was a decisive defeat for the Romans, and Valerian himself was taken captive and deported to Persia alongside what remained of his army. His fate thereafter has been the subject of much speculation. Christian writers (such as Lactantius, De Mortibus Persecutorum), sought to assign a fitting death to one of their most infamous persecutors. Likewise, Romans assuming the worst of their traditional Persian enemies described several versions of Valerian's torture, humiliation and eventual grisly death. These included being used as a human mounting block and been skinned and then stuffed with straw (Trebellius Pollio, Life of Valerian; Aurelius Victor, Caesares, 32; Eutropius IX, 6). However, modern scholars have disputed many of these accounts as inconsistent with Persian traditions of treating captured kings, and it is more likely he simply died in captivity as a "living trophy" (Touraj Daryaee, Sasanian Iran).